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Internal Colonization: Russia's Imperial Experience, by Alexander Etkind
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This book gives a radically new reading of Russia’s cultural history. Alexander Etkind traces how the Russian Empire conquered foreign territories and domesticated its own heartlands, thereby colonizing many peoples, Russians included. This vision of colonization as simultaneously internal and external, colonizing one’s own people as well as others, is crucial for scholars of empire, colonialism and globalization.
Starting with the fur trade, which shaped its enormous territory, and ending with Russia’s collapse in 1917, Etkind explores serfdom, the peasant commune, and other institutions of internal colonization. His account brings out the formative role of foreign colonies in Russia, the self-colonizing discourse of Russian classical historiography, and the revolutionary leaders’ illusory hopes for an alliance with the exotic, pacifist sectarians. Transcending the boundaries between history and literature, Etkind examines striking writings about Russia’s imperial experience, from Defoe to Tolstoy and from Gogol to Conrad.
This path-breaking book blends together historical, theoretical and literary analysis in a highly original way. It will be essential reading for students of Russian history and literature and for anyone interested in the literary and cultural aspects of colonization and its aftermath.
- Sales Rank: #1441202 in eBooks
- Published on: 2013-04-29
- Released on: 2013-04-29
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
This book is both an intellectual and interpretative history of Imperial Russia at itsbest. The author's excellent knowledge of Russian literature, and his comparisonsbetween Russian and Western thinkers, which often appear in unusual contexts, willappeal to cultural historians and literary critics alike.Journal of Intercultural Studies
Most helpful customer reviews
6 of 9 people found the following review helpful.
The Times Higher Education, 26.01.12
By A. Etkind
The phrases "internal colonisation" and "self-colonisation" have, through overuse, become associated with political correctness. Russia has long been both subject and object of colonisation. Alexander Etkind's book reinvigorates these tired terms, offering a compelling analysis of Russian history and culture until 1917. The country's efforts to colonise its own heartlands and peoples matched, and perhaps exceeded, its pursuit of colonisation along more traditionally imperial avenues. This book's 12 chapters, ranging from literary and cultural explorations to a study of Russia's fur trade, vividly delineate this process. Moreover, as Etkind notes, "an interesting measure, the sum total of square kilometers that an empire controlled each year over the centuries, shows that the Russian Empire was the largest in space and the most durable in time of all historical empires, covering 65 million square kilometer-years for Muskovy/Russia/Soviet Union versus 45 million for the British Empire and 30 million for the Roman Empire".
In stressing Russia's liminal location between West and East, Etkind focuses on cultural hybridisation. He frames his necessary, critical yet admiring engagement with Edward Said by interpreting the Palestinian-American intellectual as someone torn between the beliefs of his pro-Nasser mother and his uncle, Charles Malik, the pro-democratic Lebanese statesman.
Etkind's literary-cultural interpretations of writers such as Daniel Defoe, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Fyodor Dostoevsky and Rudyard Kipling are clever and engaging, especially his readings of two "river" novels, Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness and Nikolai Leskov's The Enchanted Pilgrim. Nikolai Gogol's canonic story, The Nose, illustrates internal colonisation. When Kovalev discovers that his nose has vanished, a parable about the part and the whole ensues: "When in its proper place, the nose is just a little part of Kovalev's wholeness...As long as the part is the slave of the whole, the order is safe."
Central to Etkind's understanding of Russia's internal colonisation is the fur trade. "Man-made migrations of small, wild, furry animals defined the expansion of Russia. Winter roads, trade stations, and militarized storehouses for fur spanned across Eurasia, playing roles that were not dissimilar from the Great Silk Route in medieval Asia. Ecologically, colonization also meant deforestation." Following the historian Afanasy Shchapov, Etkind argues that it was not the sword but the axe that moved Russia's colonisation. Even more important were the bow and the trap. The fur trade reduced many tribes nearly to extinction, and "in some cases the population- loss went so deep and happened so quickly that it is proper to speak of genocide". Etkind argues that no other quest for any single commodity has "been so well forgotten in the history of human suffering". Now the same lands play a similar role in the quest for natural gas and oil; primary pipelines follow the old fur trade routes.
Etkind also devotes significant time to Peter the Great, maintaining that his brand of colonisation was more about population than about territory. "Having its colonies inside itself, Peter's Empire did not bother about tariffs, piracy, and trade surplus, the concerns of the mercantilist Europe." Russia thus colonised itself. "Russian museums document a full break between the imperial culture and the pre-Petrine past. Leaving the rooms of 'icons' and entering the wing of 'Russian art,' one feels the same rupture as when moving from a section of native art into the imperial section in any colonial museum in America, Australia, or India."
Surprisingly, Etkind concludes that Russian literature was "the most successful institution of cultural hegemony in the Russian Empire". (He perhaps underemphasises the strong influence of the West here.) Specialists may have their quibbles, but the cumulative power of Etkind's argument constitutes an impressive scholarly achievement, offering a coherent yet richly detailed account of Russia's centuries-long experience of internal colonisation.
Robin Feuer Miller
Edytha Macy Gross professor of humanities, Brandeis University. She is author of Dostoevsky's Unfinished Journey (2007) and The Brothers Karamazov: Worlds of the Novel (2008).
2 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Not an academice work.
By Anton Tomsinov
Unresearched, full of groundless generalizations. Lack of proper sources is concealed here by vague ideas and citations from fiction, that prove nothing. Attempt to make comparisons with modern world smell like bad journalism rather than justified analysis.
14 of 26 people found the following review helpful.
A Major Disappointment
By Elizabeth Mates
Names and generalizations are spun around and around for many pages, but the core of the book which should have been on internal colonization of the Russian territory is mostly missing. Even when the fur trade is discussed, there are no maps showing major fur trading posts. Neither are there graphs with data showing or even adequate discussion in a clear manner of which furs when and in chronological order, how many, how many involved, etc. Tucked in on page 75 is the statement that "hunting and trapping are intrinsically violent." Does the author think the reader does not know that? It is also stated on page 76 that "Swedes and Poles...Tatars and Jews" were involved in the trade and merchandizing of the furs. Does the author realize that Poland was controlled by the Russians at this time and Swedes lived along the border areas with Russia? Why mention Tatars and Jews as being merchants? Ethnicity only proves that people needed the warmth and the income from the furs. On the topic of internal migration of the great Russian landmasses very little is said and no facts are given for exactly which areas were settled first and when. Once again maps, graphs and concrete facts are necessary.
Etkind, in his giving forth of generalizations, will mix up time periods without references to political realities of the time. 1883, 1886 and then 1912--but 1912 policies reflect a different political situation than 1883. Etkind also takes as fact the "Potemkin Villages"--facades he says, not actual villages. The villages were actual villages built in record time and the facade-theory was put forth by Potemkin's enemies.
Etkind's theory of government permeates the book: all governments are violent and his economic theories can be questioned. He does not seem to understand that Russia's agricultural production is limited by geographical considerations. Internal colonization, but virtually no mention of soil types and climate,etc. I could go on and on.....It is time for a great book on Russian internal migration and colonization. This is not that book.
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